Health & Fitness
Winter's Formula Calculator
Check whether respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis is appropriate.
Preparing your result…
What this calculator does
Calculates Winter's Formula Calculator using the formula verified against the cited source.
What your result means
An estimate from the inputs you enter, within the scope stated below — not advice.
Formula
Expected pCO₂ = 1.5 × HCO₃⁻ + 8 (± 2 mmHg)
The step-by-step working for your own numbers appears with the result above and in the PDF report.
Frequently asked questions
Symbols and assumptions
- Inputs
- The values entered in the fields above
- • In primary metabolic acidosis: expected arterial PCO2 mmHg=1.5×HCO3 mEq/L+8, expected interval ±2 mmHg. Measured above interval suggests additional respiratory acidosis; below suggests respiratory alkalosis.
Sources and review
Reviewed 2026-10-18 · Next review 2027-04-18
- • Winter’s equation is scoped to metabolic acidosis; it is not a general compensation equation for every ABG. Require consistent units and a clinically established primary disorder; the measured PCO2 permits comparison, not diagnosis in isolation.
Important limitation
This is an educational estimate based only on the values and formula shown. Verify current rates, rules, units, and professional standards before relying on the result. It is not personalized financial or investment advice.
Quick reference
| Scenario | Bicarbonate (mEq/L) | Measured pCO₂ (mmHg) | Expected pCO₂ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Worked example | 14 | 29 | 29 mmHg |
| Half the amounts | 7 | 15 | 18.5 mmHg |
| Double the amounts | 28 | 58 | 50 mmHg |
Need the full picture? Get the detailed PDF report with charts, tables, formulas and working steps.
Reviewed 2026-10-18 · Next review 2027-04-18
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