Technology & Computing
Networking, storage, cloud, security, hardware and software engineering tools.
79 tools · 5 sub-topics
computing
Binary, Octal, Decimal & Hexadecimal Multi-Base Converter
Convert a decimal number into binary, octal and hexadecimal representations and see its bit length.
Two's Complement Signed Integer Range Calculator
Find the two's complement binary/hex encoding of a signed value and the representable range for a given bit width.
IEEE 754 Floating Point Precision Calculator
Show the mantissa/exponent bit split, machine epsilon and representable range for IEEE 754 single or double precision.
Text Encoding Byte Size Calculator
Estimate the storage size in bytes of a text string under ASCII, UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32 encodings.
Hash Collision Probability & Birthday Attack Calculator
Estimate the probability of a hash collision occurring among a set of hashed items, based on the birthday paradox.
AES-GCM Nonce Collision & Key Exhaustion Calculator
Estimate the safe number of messages encrypted under one AES-GCM key before random 96-bit nonce collisions become likely.
Password Entropy & Brute-Force Cracking Time Calculator
Calculate a password's entropy in bits and estimate worst-case brute-force cracking time at a given guess rate.
RSA Key Length Security Strength Calculator
Estimate the symmetric-equivalent security strength and relative computational cost of an RSA key length.
ECC vs RSA Security Equivalence Calculator
Compare an elliptic curve key size to the RSA modulus length needed to achieve the same symmetric security strength.
TLS Handshake Latency Overhead Calculator
Estimate the extra round-trip latency added by TCP and TLS handshakes for TLS 1.2, TLS 1.3 1-RTT and TLS 1.3 0-RTT resumption.
DNS TTL Propagation Window Calculator
Estimate the worst-case and average time for a DNS record change to propagate across caching resolvers based on TTL.
infrastructure
Server SLA Uptime Downtime Calculator
Convert an SLA uptime percentage (e.g. 99.9%) into allowed downtime per day, month and year.
MTTD & MTTR Incident Response Calculator
Calculate mean time to detect, mean time to resolve, MTBF and resulting availability from incident data.
vCPU to pCPU Oversubscription Ratio Calculator
Calculate the virtual-to-physical CPU oversubscription ratio for a virtualization or cloud host.
Kubernetes Pod Resource Request vs Limit Calculator
Estimate node packing density and CPU/memory headroom from pod resource requests, limits and node capacity.
GPU VRAM Requirement for LLM Inference Calculator
Estimate GPU VRAM needed to run an LLM at inference given parameter count, quantization bits, KV cache and overhead.
LLM Context Window Token to Word Calculator
Convert LLM tokens to approximate word counts, estimate reading time, and cost per million tokens.
Database B-Tree Index Fanout & Tree Depth Calculator
Estimate B-tree index fanout and tree depth from page size, key+pointer size and row count.
Consistent Hashing Ring Virtual Node Calculator
Estimate key distribution variance across shards on a consistent hashing ring based on virtual nodes per shard.
Redis Cache Memory & Eviction Calculator
Estimate total Redis memory usage from key count, average value size and per-key overhead, and eviction risk.
Kafka Partition Throughput & Consumer Lag Calculator
Estimate topic throughput capacity from partition count and per-partition rate, plus time to clear consumer lag.
CAN Bus Baud Rate & Bus Load Calculator
Calculate CAN bus load percentage from baud rate, average frame length and message frequency.
WebAssembly vs JavaScript Execution Speedup Calculator
Estimate net execution speedup of WebAssembly over JavaScript for a workload, accounting for compile/instantiation overhead.
CPU MIPS from Clock Speed & IPC Calculator
Calculate CPU throughput in millions of instructions per second (MIPS) from clock speed and instructions per cycle.
CPU Cache AMAT (Average Memory Access Time) Calculator
Calculate average memory access time from L1 hit time, miss rate and miss penalty, with an optional L2 level.
Amdahl's Law Parallel Speedup Calculator
Calculate theoretical maximum speedup from parallelizing part of a workload across multiple processors, per Amdahl's Law.
Gustafson's Law Scaled Speedup Calculator
Calculate scaled speedup for a growing (weak-scaling) workload across processors, per Gustafson's Law.
TDP Heat Dissipation & Required Airflow (CFM) Calculator
Estimate required airflow (CFM) to dissipate heat from components based on total TDP and allowed temperature rise.
PSU Wattage & 80 Plus Efficiency Calculator
Calculate AC power draw from the wall and headroom given a system's DC load and PSU's 80 Plus efficiency tier.
networking
IPv4 CIDR Subnet Calculator
Work out the subnet mask, wildcard mask, usable hosts and broadcast range for any IPv4 CIDR prefix.
IPv6 Subnetting & Prefix Sizer
Estimate how many /48, /56 or /64 subnets fit inside a given IPv6 allocation and vice versa.
IPv4 to Decimal & IPv6 Hextet Formatter
Convert an IPv4 dotted address into its 32-bit decimal and hexadecimal form for scripting and ACLs.
Bandwidth vs Download/Upload Transfer Time Sizer
Calculate how long a file transfer will take given a connection's advertised bandwidth in bits per second.
Network Latency & Bandwidth-Delay Product (BDP) Calculator
Calculate the bandwidth-delay product to size TCP buffers and understand the impact of latency on throughput.
TCP Window Size & Throughput Ceiling Calculator
Estimate the maximum achievable TCP throughput on a lossy path using the Mathis equation.
RAID Usable Storage & Parity Overhead Calculator
Calculate usable capacity and parity overhead for RAID 0, 1, 5, 6, 10, 50 and 60 arrays.
SSD Over-Provisioning & DWPD Endurance Calculator
Estimate SSD endurance in drive-writes-per-day terms and the effect of over-provisioning on write amplification.
Total Bytes Written (TBW) to Drive Lifespan & MTBF Calculator
Convert a drive's rated TBW endurance and daily write volume into an expected lifespan and compare against MTBF.
Video Bitrate to Storage Calculator
Estimate the storage footprint of video footage across common resolutions and codecs, from bitrate and duration.
Audio Uncompressed PCM Storage Calculator
Calculate the raw storage size of uncompressed PCM audio from sample rate, bit depth and channel count.
Cloud Object Storage Cost Calculator
Estimate monthly cloud storage costs across standard, infrequent-access and archive tiers, plus egress fees.
Cloud Database IOPS to Throughput & Latency Calculator
Translate provisioned IOPS and I/O size into expected throughput, and estimate queueing latency under load.
Server RAM Sizing from Concurrent Connections & Buffer Pool Calculator
Estimate how much RAM a server needs based on concurrent connections, per-connection memory and buffer pool size.
API Rate Limiter Token Bucket & Leaky Bucket Sizer
Size a token bucket or leaky bucket rate limiter to sustain an average request rate while tolerating bursts.
signals
Image Aspect Ratio, DPI & Megapixel Calculator
Calculate an image's aspect ratio, total megapixels, and physical print size at a given DPI.
Monitor Pixel Density (PPI) & Retina Viewing Distance Calculator
Calculate a display's pixels-per-inch and the minimum viewing distance at which individual pixels become imperceptible.
Refresh Rate Frame Time Render Budget Calculator
Convert a monitor's refresh rate (Hz) into the frame-time render budget in milliseconds, and see multi-frame budgets.
Gaming Mouse eDPI & 360° Turn Distance Calculator
Calculate effective DPI (eDPI) from mouse DPI and in-game sensitivity, and the physical mouse distance for a 360° turn.
Optical Fiber Attenuation Loss Calculator
Calculate total optical fiber link loss from fiber attenuation, distance, splices, and connectors.
Optical Link Budget & Receiver Sensitivity Margin Calculator
Calculate the optical power margin available in a fiber link after accounting for losses and receiver sensitivity.
RF Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) Calculator
Calculate the free space path loss of an RF signal given frequency and distance.
Wi-Fi Channel Overlap & Capacity Calculator
Estimate Wi-Fi channel spacing needs and theoretical capacity based on channel width and modulation efficiency.
Fresnel Zone Clearance Radius Calculator (60% Rule)
Calculate the first Fresnel zone radius at midpoint and the recommended 60% clearance for a wireless link.
Antenna Gain to EIRP Calculator
Calculate effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) from transmitter power, cable loss, and antenna gain.
VSWR to Return Loss & Reflection Coefficient Calculator
Convert VSWR to return loss (dB) and the magnitude of the reflection coefficient for an RF impedance match.
Shannon-Hartley Channel Capacity Calculator
Calculate the theoretical maximum data rate of a noisy communication channel using the Shannon-Hartley theorem.
Huffman Coding Compression Ratio & Entropy Calculator
Estimate Shannon entropy and Huffman compression ratio for a symbol set versus fixed-length encoding.
Run-Length Encoding Compression Efficiency Calculator
Estimate the compressed size and efficiency of run-length encoding (RLE) given run statistics.
PCB Microstrip Differential Impedance Calculator
Estimate the differential impedance of a microstrip trace pair on a PCB from geometry and dielectric constant.
PCB Stripline Trace Impedance Calculator
Estimate the characteristic impedance of a symmetric stripline trace embedded between two reference planes.
Logic Gate Propagation Delay & Max Clock Frequency Calculator
Calculate the maximum clock frequency of a digital circuit from gate propagation delay, setup time, and pipeline stages.
software
Cron Schedule Interval Calculator
Estimate how many times a scheduled job runs per day and per month from its interval, and preview upcoming run offsets.
Unix Epoch Timestamp Converter
Convert a Unix epoch timestamp (seconds) into a UTC date/time and see how many days have elapsed since 1970-01-01.
Base64 Encoding Size Overhead Calculator
Calculate the encoded output size and storage overhead when converting binary data to Base64 text.
UUID v4 Collision Probability Calculator
Estimate the probability of a birthday-paradox collision among randomly generated UUID v4 values.
URL Percent-Encoding Length Calculator
Estimate the encoded length of a URL or query string once unsafe characters are percent-encoded.
Regex ReDoS Catastrophic Backtracking Step Estimator
Estimate the explosive number of backtracking steps a vulnerable nested-quantifier regex could take against a malicious input.
Cyclomatic Complexity Calculator
Calculate McCabe cyclomatic complexity from decision points and exit paths, with a risk band and suggested test count.
Halstead Software Metrics Calculator
Compute Halstead volume, difficulty, effort, estimated coding time and predicted bug count from operator/operand counts.
Technical Debt Remediation Cost Calculator
Estimate the cost to fix a codebase's code smells and known bugs given average remediation hours and an hourly rate.
UPS Runtime Calculator for Server Racks
Estimate how long a UPS battery bank can support a server rack load given battery capacity, voltage, efficiency and depth of discharge.
CMOS / RTC Coin Cell Battery Life Calculator
Estimate how many years a coin cell battery will power a real-time clock or CMOS circuit given its microamp draw.
Solder Paste Stencil Aperture Area Ratio Calculator
Calculate the stencil aperture area ratio used to predict solder paste transfer efficiency for fine-pitch SMT pads.
Karnaugh Map Minterm Simplification Calculator
Estimate the achievable grouping, literal savings and resulting gate count when simplifying a Boolean function with a K-map.
Gray Code to Binary Converter Calculator
Convert a value into its Gray code representation and its binary equivalent for a given bit width.
Hamming Code SECDED Parity Bits Calculator
Calculate the number of parity bits and total codeword size needed to add single-error-correction, double-error-detection to a data block.
CRC-32 Polynomial Overhead & Error Detection Calculator
Estimate the storage overhead of appending a CRC-32 checksum to a data frame and its burst-error detection capability.
Reed-Solomon Error Correction Overhead Calculator
Calculate the number of correctable symbol errors and the storage overhead of a Reed-Solomon RS(n,k) code.
Quantum Qubit State Space Calculator
Calculate the size of the quantum state space for N qubits and the classical memory needed to simulate it.