Chemistry
General chemistry, stoichiometry, solutions, reactions, thermodynamics, electrochemistry and biochemistry.
70 tools · 10 sub-topics
biochemistry
Calibration Curve Calculator
Fit a straight line through your standards and read an unknown concentration off it.
Enzyme Activity Calculator
Convert a rate of product formation into enzyme units and specific activity.
Isoelectric Point Calculator
Find the pH at which an amino acid carries no net charge from its pKa values.
Michaelis-Menten Equation Calculator
Predict the reaction velocity of an enzyme at any substrate concentration.
Protein Solubility Calculator
Express how much protein is dissolved in a solution as a concentration and as a percentage.
Resuspension Calculator
Work out how much buffer to add to a dried pellet or oligo to hit the concentration you want.
chemical reactions
Actual Yield Calculator
Find the mass of product you should expect to collect from a known percent yield.
Chemical Equation Balancer
Balance any chemical equation by conserving every element, with whole-number coefficients.
Equilibrium Constant (Kc) Calculator
Calculate Kc for aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD from the equilibrium concentrations.
Kp Calculator
Calculate the pressure equilibrium constant from partial pressures, or convert Kc into Kp.
Molar Ratio Calculator
Convert moles of one substance into moles of another using the balanced equation coefficients.
Rate Constant Calculator
Find the rate constant k from a measured rate and reactant concentrations, with the correct units.
chemical thermodynamics
Boiling Point Calculator
Find the boiling point of a chosen substance at any external pressure using its own validated Antoine constants.
Boiling Point at Altitude Calculator
See how the boiling point of water falls as you climb, using the standard-atmosphere pressure model.
Entropy Calculator
Work out an entropy change from reaction entropies, from an isothermal gas expansion, or from enthalpy and free energy.
Gibbs' Phase Rule Calculator
Count the degrees of freedom of a system from its components, phases and independent reactions.
Heat of Combustion Calculator
Find the enthalpy released by a fuel from formation enthalpies, per mole and per gram.
Q10 Temperature Coefficient Calculator
Measure how much faster a reaction or biological process runs for every 10-degree rise in temperature.
STP Calculator
Convert between moles, volume and gas conditions at standard temperature and pressure.
Vapor Pressure Calculator
Use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to move a known vapour pressure to a new temperature.
Vapor Pressure of Water Calculator
Find the saturation vapour pressure of water using your choice of validated correlation.
electrochemistry
general chemistry
Atom Calculator
Work out the protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom or ion from its atomic number, mass number and charge.
Atomic Mass Calculator
Estimate the mass number and the mass of a single atom in unified atomic mass units and kilograms.
Average Atomic Mass Calculator
Combine isotope masses and their natural abundances into the average atomic mass of an element.
Bond Order Calculator
Find the molecular-orbital bond order from the number of bonding and antibonding electrons.
Effective Nuclear Charge Calculator
Calculate the effective nuclear charge felt by an electron from the atomic number and the shielding constant.
Electron Configuration Calculator
Build the ground-state electron configuration of a neutral atom using the Aufbau order, the Pauli principle and Hund's rule.
Electronegativity Difference Calculator
Compare two Pauling electronegativity values to see whether a bond is non-polar, polar or ionic.
Percent Ionic Character Calculator
Estimate how ionic a bond is from the electronegativity difference between the two atoms.
Mass Concentration to Molar Concentration Calculator
Convert a mass concentration in grams per litre into molarity using the molar mass of the solute.
Percent Composition Calculator
Find the mass percentage an element contributes to a compound from its atomic mass, atom count and the compound's molar mass.
mixtures and solutions
Activity Coefficient Calculator
Estimate the activity coefficient of an ion in a dilute solution using the Debye-Hückel limiting law.
Alligation Calculator
Work out how much of a weak and a strong solution to mix to reach a target strength.
Bleach Dilution Calculator
Find how much concentrated bleach and water to combine for a target available-chlorine strength.
Buffer Capacity Calculator
Measure how much strong acid or base a buffer absorbs for each unit of pH change.
Dilution Factor Calculator
Work out the dilution factor between a stock solution and the diluted solution you prepare.
Mass Percent Calculator
Find what share of a mixture's mass comes from one component.
Mixing Ratio Calculator
Predict the strength of a blend made from two solutions of different concentrations.
Neutralization Calculator
Find the volume of base needed to neutralise an acid, using equivalents on both sides.
Percentage Concentration to Molarity Calculator
Convert a mass-percentage solution strength into molarity using the solution density.
Percent Solution Calculator
Calculate w/v, w/w or v/v percentage strength, and the solute needed to hit a target strength.
Reconstitution Calculator
Work out the diluent volume that turns a weighed powder into a solution of the concentration you want.
Saponification Value Calculator
Calculate the saponification value of a fat or oil from a back-titration against potassium hydroxide.
Solution Dilution Calculator
Apply C₁V₁ = C₂V₂ to find the stock volume and water needed for a diluted solution.
Titration Calculator
Find the unknown concentration from a titration using the balanced reaction coefficients.
Water Hardness Calculator
Convert measured calcium and magnesium levels into total hardness expressed as calcium carbonate.
organic chemistry
Combustion Analysis Calculator
Turn the carbon dioxide and water collected from burning a sample into its empirical and molecular formula.
Combustion Reaction Calculator
Write the balanced combustion equation for any CxHyOz fuel and see how much oxygen it needs.
Crude Protein Calculator
Convert a Kjeldahl nitrogen titration into the nitrogen and crude protein content of a sample.
Degree of Unsaturation Calculator
Count the rings and pi bonds hidden in a molecular formula before you draw the structure.
Double Bond Equivalent Calculator
Work out the DBE of a formula from mass spectrometry and split it into likely rings and double bonds.
Liquid Ethylene Density Calculator
Convert a measured mass and volume of liquid ethylene into density, with the reference saturated-liquid values alongside.
other chemistry
Cubic Cell Calculator
Link atomic radius, lattice parameter and density for simple, body-centred and face-centred cubic crystals.
Detention Time Calculator
Find how long water stays in a tank or basin at a given flow rate.
Hydraulic Retention Time Calculator
Work out the average time wastewater spends in a reactor, and compare it with the solids retention time.
Miller Indices Calculator
Convert plane intercepts into Miller indices and find the spacing between planes in a cubic crystal.
physical chemistry
Diffusion Coefficient Calculator
Find how fast a particle spreads through a fluid using the Stokes-Einstein relation.
Langmuir Isotherm Calculator
Work out how much of a surface is covered by adsorbed gas at a given pressure.
Two-Photon Absorption Calculator
Compare single and two-photon energies and estimate the relative excitation rate at a given intensity.
Young-Laplace Equation Calculator
Find the pressure difference across a curved liquid surface such as a bubble or droplet.
stoichiometry
Avogadro's Number Calculator
Convert between an amount of substance in moles and the number of particles it contains, using Avogadro's constant.
Moles to Atoms Converter
Turn moles of a substance into the number of particles, and into the total number of atoms when each unit contains several atoms.
Grams to Moles Calculator
Convert a mass in grams into moles using the molar mass of the substance, and see how many particles that represents.
Mole Calculator
Move between mass, molar mass, moles and particle count in one place for any pure substance.
Mole Fraction Calculator
Find the mole fraction of each component in a mixture of up to three substances.
PPM to Molarity Calculator
Convert a parts-per-million concentration into molarity for a solution of known density and solute molar mass.
Molar Mass of Gas Calculator
Work out the molar mass of a gas from the mass, pressure, volume and temperature of a sample using the ideal gas law.
Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR) Calculator
Calculate the stoichiometric air-to-fuel mass ratio for any CₓHᵧO_z fuel from its carbon, hydrogen and oxygen counts.